पुढीलपैकी कोणते मुद्दे ब्रिटीश राजवटीचा भारतीय आर्थिक जीवनावर झालेला प्रभाव दर्शवितात ?
(a) शेतीचे व्यापारीकरण
(b) जमीन विक्रीयोग्य वस्तू बनली
(c) नगदी पिकांचा तुटवडा
(d) महसुल पद्धतीत बदल

The correct answer is Option A ((a), (b) and (d) only).

Key Points:
• British colonial policies fundamentally transformed Indian agrarian and economic life:
• Commercialization of Agriculture: Crops were produced for national and international markets (cotton, jute, opium, indigo, tea) rather than village sustenance.
• Land as a Saleable Commodity: Introduction of private property rights, mortgaging, and auctions made land a transferable, saleable asset.
• Transformation of Revenue Systems: Introduction of cash-based rigid settlements (Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari, Mahalwari).
• Cash Crops Reality: British rule caused an artificial excessive expansion of cash crops leading to a scarcity of *food grains* (causing devastating famines), not a scarcity of cash crops. Thus, statement (c) is false.
• This structural shift deepened rural indebtedness and peasant dispossession.
• Key Takeaway: British economic impacts: commercialized farming, land became saleable property, and revamped revenue systems.