भारतीय घटनेच्या तिसऱ्या आणि चौथ्या भागासाठी 'राज्य' या संज्ञेमध्ये :
(a) भारत सरकार आणि संसद
(b) प्रत्येक राज्याचे सरकार आणि विधीमंडळ
(c) स्थानिक शासन
(d) भारतीय प्रदेशातील किंवा भारत सरकारच्या नियंत्रणाखालील इतर शासकीय संस्था यांचा समावेश होतो
वरीलपैकी कोणते/ती विधान/विधाने बरोबर आहे/त ?

The correct answer is Option D (All).

Key Points:
• Definition of 'State' under Articles 12 and 36:
• Article 12 Definition: For the purpose of Part III (Fundamental Rights), the term 'the State' includes:
• (a) The Government and Parliament of India (executive and legislative organs of the Union).
• (b) The Government and the Legislature of each of the States (executive and legislative organs of States).
• (c) All local authorities (Municipalities, Panchayats, District Boards, Improvement Trusts, etc.).
• (d) All other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India (Statutory bodies like LIC, ONGC, SAIL, UGC, etc., as per various SC rulings).
• Application to Part IV: Under Article 36, the term 'the State' in Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) has the exact same meaning as in Part III (Article 12).
• Hence, all statements (a), (b), (c), and (d) are comprehensive components of the constitutional definition of 'State'.
• Key Takeaway: Under Articles 12 & 36, 'State' includes Union executive & legislature, State executive & legislature, local bodies, and all other public authorities.