शेतजमीनीचे क्षेत्रफळ आणि उत्पादकता यांच्या व्यस्त संबंधाचा वाद आता बराचसा अप्रस्तुत ठरतो कारण आता भारतात :
(1) धारणक्षेत्रांचा सरासरी आकार वाढला आहे.
(2) छोट्या धारणक्षेत्रांची संख्या घटली आहे.
(3) सर्व पिकांच्या उत्पादकतेत लक्षणीय वाढ झाली आहे.
(4) शेतीमधील नवीन तंत्रज्ञानामुळे परिस्थिती बदलली आहे.

The correct answer is Option D (the modern technology in agriculture has changed the situation).

Key Points:
• Core Concept
• The 'Farm-Size Productivity Inverse Relationship' was first formulated in India by Amartya Sen (1962), asserting that small farms generated higher output per acre due to intensive family labor deployment.
• Why Correct
• With the advent of the Green Revolution and capital-intensive modern agricultural technologies (chemical fertilizers, tractors, combine harvesters, tube wells, hybrid/GM seeds), farming became highly dependent on capital investment and economies of scale.
• Large farmers possessing capital resources adopted mechanized, input-intensive practices rapidly, neutralizing or reversing the small-farm labor intensity advantage.
• Thus, the historic inverse relationship controversy has become largely irrelevant primarily because modern technology in agriculture has revolutionized production dynamics.
• Key Details
• Studies by modern agricultural economists confirm that access to credit and mechanization now dictates productivity rather than farm acreage alone.
• Exam Traps
• Statements claiming average holding size has increased (Option 1) or small holdings decreased (Option 2) are factually incorrect (land fragmentation has actually increased small and marginal holdings to >86%).
• Other Options
• Options 1 and 2 contradict basic census facts.
• Option 3 is a general outcome, not the explanatory catalyst changing the size-productivity relationship.
• Key Takeaway: The farm-size versus productivity inverse relationship has lost relevance due to the widespread adoption of capital-intensive modern farm technology.