आर्थिक विकासावरुन पुढील सुचित होते :
(a) वस्तू आणि सेवांच्या वास्तव उत्पादनातील वाढ
(b) देशाच्या सामाजिक-आर्थिक संरचनेतील प्रागतिक बदल
(c) परकीय व्यापाराचा विस्तार
(d) बेकारी, दारिद्र्य आणि विषमतेतील घट
पर्यायी उत्तरे :
(1) (a) फक्त
(2) (a) आणि (c)
(3) (b) फक्त
(4) (b) आणि (d)

The correct answer is Option D ((b) and (d)).

Key Points:
• Core Concept
• In development economics, a fundamental distinction is drawn between Economic Growth (a quantitative concept) and Economic Development (a qualitative and multidimensional concept).
• Why Correct
• Statement (a) defines 'Economic Growth' (quantitative increase in GDP or real output of goods and services).
• In contrast, Economic Development is defined by pioneering economists (like Dudley Seers, Colin Clark, and Amartya Sen) as growth plus progressive qualitative change:
• 1. (b) Progressive changes in the socio-economic and institutional structure of a nation.
• 2. (d) Substantial reduction in unemployment, poverty, and structural economic inequalities.
• Therefore, economic development specifically implies statements (b) and (d).
• Key Details
• As Dudley Seers famously postulated: "If poverty, unemployment and inequality have all fallen from high levels, then beyond doubt this has been a period of development."
• Exam Traps
• Do not equate Economic Growth (Statement a) with Economic Development. Growth is purely numeric, whereas development embodies socio-economic transformation (b & d).
• Other Options
• Option 1 relates strictly to economic growth.
• Option 2 includes trade expansion, which is an external facilitator, not the core defining metric.
• Key Takeaway: Economic development implies progressive socio-economic structural change along with the reduction of poverty, unemployment, and inequality.