खालीलपैकी कोणते विवाद सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाच्या मूळ न्यायकक्षेत येत नाहीत ?
(a) भारत सरकार आणि कोणतेही राज्य यामधील विवाद
(b) कोणतेही राज्य आणि स्वतंत्र नागरिक यामधील (खाजगी) वाद
(c) दोन राज्यांमधील पाणी-तंट्यांचा विवाद
(d) दोन किंवा अधिक राज्ये यामधील आपापसातील विवाद
पर्यायी उत्तरे :

The correct answer is Option B ((b) and (c)).

Key Points:
• Under Article 131 of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has exclusive original jurisdiction in federal disputes involving:
• (a) The Government of India and one or more States.
• (d) Two or more States inter se.
• Exclusions from Article 131 Original Jurisdiction:
• (b) A dispute arising between a State and a private citizen or private entity does NOT fall under federal original jurisdiction.
• (c) Under Article 262(2) and the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956, complaints regarding inter-state water disputes are excluded from the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and all other courts (referred to a water tribunal instead).
• Therefore, disputes (b) and (c) do NOT fall within the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under Article 131.
• Option (2) '(b) and (c)' is the correct answer.
• Key Takeaway: Article 131 original jurisdiction covers federal disputes (Center vs State, State vs State); it excludes private citizen suits and interstate river water disputes.