आयात पर्यायतेमध्ये खालील प्रकारांचा समावेश असतो :
(a) भांडवली वस्तूंची आयात.
(b) उपभोग्य वस्तूंच्या आयातीला भांडवली वस्तूंच्या आयातीचा पर्याय.
(c) कच्च्या मालाची आयात
(d) आयात वस्तूंना स्वदेशात उत्पादित केलेल्या वस्तूंचा पर्याय.
पर्यायी उत्तरे :
(1) (a) फक्त
(2) (a) आणि (d)
(3) (b) आणि (d)
(4) (b) आणि (c)

The correct answer is Option C ((b) and (d)).

Key Points:
• Core Concept
• Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) is a developmental trade strategy aimed at reducing external dependence by fostering domestic production capabilities.
• Why Correct
• Economic literature delineates two core stages/types of import substitution:
• 1. Direct Substitution: Replacing imported final consumer goods with domestic manufacturing (Statement (d)).
• 2. Factor/Capital Reallocation: Substituting the import of non-essential finished consumer goods by importing essential capital goods and machinery to build domestic manufacturing capacity (Statement (b)).
• Simply 'importing capital goods' (a) or 'importing raw materials' (c) represents routine trade transactions rather than substitution mechanisms.
• Thus, (b) and (d) precisely capture the analytical types of import substitution.
• Key Details
• India's Second and Third Five-Year Plans heavily relied on Mahalanobis-led import substitution models.
• Exam Traps
• Do not confuse routine imports with the economic strategy of 'substitution'.
• Other Options
• Options containing isolated imports ((a) or (c)) describe import components rather than substitution strategies.
• Key Takeaway: Import substitution involves replacing imported goods with domestic production and shifting imports from consumer to capital goods.