कूळ सुधारणा कार्यक्रमात खालील कोणत्या बाबींचा समावेश नाही ?
(a) कूळाची सुरक्षितता
(b) मध्यस्थांचे उच्चाटन
(c) स्वामीत्व अधिकार
(d) कृषीची पूर्नरचना
पर्यायी उत्तरे :
(1) (c) फक्त
(2) (b) आणि (c)
(3) (c) आणि (d)
(4) (b) आणि (d)

The correct answer is Option D ((b) and (d)).

Key Points:
• Core Concept
• Post-independence Land Reforms in India comprise four distinct categories: 1. Abolition of Intermediaries, 2. Tenancy Reforms, 3. Ceilings on Landholdings, and 4. Agrarian Reorganisation.
• Why Correct
• Tenancy reforms specifically encompass three measures:
• 1. Regulation of rent.
• 2. Security of tenure (Statement (a)).
• 3. Conferment of ownership rights on tenants (Statement (c)).
• 'Abolition of intermediaries' (b) is a separate first-stage structural reform (eradicating Zamindars, Jagirdars).
• 'Reorganisation of Agriculture' (d) comprises consolidation of landholdings and cooperative farming.
• Therefore, (b) and (d) are NOT part of the tenancy reform programme.
• Key Details
• The Maharashtra Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act exemplifies tenancy reform by declaring 'Tillers' Day' (April 1, 1957) to transfer ownership to cultivating tenants.
• Exam Traps
• Carefully differentiate between the broad umbrella of 'Land Reforms' and the specific sub-component 'Tenancy Reforms'.
• Other Options
• Since (a) and (c) constitute core tenancy reforms, they cannot be selected under 'do not include'.
• Key Takeaway: Tenancy reforms include rent regulation, tenure security, and ownership rights, whereas intermediary abolition and agrarian reorganisation are separate pillars.