खालील विधाने भारतातील आर्थिक सुधारणांच्या पार्श्वभूमीशी संबंधित आहेत.
(a) आर्थिक सुधारणांचा मुख्य जोर हा बाजारपेठेला मध्यवर्ती निर्णयकर्ता बनवणे असा होता.
(b) आर्थिक सुधारणांच्या अंतर्गत, अर्थव्यवस्थेची पुनर्रचना ही केंद्रीकृत नियोजनाने केली गेली.
(c) देशाची अर्थव्यवस्था ही जागतिक अर्थव्यवस्थेशी जोडण्यासाठी रुपया हा पूर्णपणे परिवर्तनीय केला गेला.
(d) भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्थेत सुधारणा घडवण्याचे प्रयत्न 1980 च्या मध्यापासून सुरू झाले.
वरीलपैकी कोणती विधाने खरी नाहीत ?

The correct answer is Option C ((b) and (c)).

Key Points:
• Statement (a) is true: The 1991 economic reforms shifted India from a state-controlled regime towards a market-driven economy, making the market the central decision-maker.
• Statement (b) is not true: Economic restructuring under the reforms dismantled centralized planning, moving towards liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG), whereas centralized planning was a feature of the pre-1991 socialist-leaning directive model.
• Statement (c) is not true: India introduced partial convertibility (Liberalised Exchange Rate Management System - LERMS in 1992) on the current account, but full convertibility on the capital account has still not been fully implemented, making this statement factually incorrect.
• Statement (d) is true: Initial deregulatory steps and liberalization efforts actually began in the mid-1980s under Rajiv Gandhi's administration, setting the stage for the major structural reforms of 1991.
• Therefore, statements (b) and (c) are incorrect, making option (3) the right choice.
• Key Takeaway: Statements (b) and (c) are false because reforms used market mechanisms instead of centralized planning, and full rupee convertibility was not introduced.