भारतीयांच्यातील राष्ट्रीयत्त्वाच्या भावनेला दाबून टाकण्यासाठी ब्रिटीश सरकारने पुढीलपैकी कोणते प्रतिगामी उपाय योजले होते ?
(a) व्हर्नाक्युलर प्रेस ॲक्ट
(b) आर्मस् ॲक्ट
(c) लायसन्स् ॲक्ट
(d) लँडस् ॲक्ट

The correct answer is Option D ((a), (b) and (c) only).

Key Points:
• During the late 19th century, particularly under the viceroyalty of Lord Lytton (1876–1880), the colonial regime passed a series of repressive and reactionary legislative measures to quell rising Indian national consciousness:
• The Vernacular Press Act (1878): Designed to muzzle vernacular newspapers criticizing British administrative policies and famine mismanagement (popularly termed the 'Gagging Act').
• The Indian Arms Act (1878): Made it a criminal offense for Indians to carry or keep firearms without an official license, while exempting Europeans and Anglo-Indians.
• The License Act / Licensing Measures: Placed trade licensing restrictions and commercial taxation burdens on native populations.
• Lands Act: There was no such reactionary national legislative enactment designed specifically to suppress national political awakening.
• These autocratic measures served as a catalyst for unified political mobilization and led directly to the founding of national political bodies.
• Key Takeaway: Reactionary suppressive acts by Lytton: Vernacular Press Act (1878), Arms Act (1878), and License Act.