पुढीलपैकी कोणते वर्णन भारतातील नव्वदीनंतरच्या पक्षपद्धतीचे चपखल वर्णन ठरेल ?

The correct answer is Option C (Coalition Govt. in Centre and bi-or-tri-partite competition in the States).

Key Points:
• Post-1989/1990s Party System in India:
• Political scientist Rajni Kothari famously described the 1950s-1960s as the 'Congress System' (one-party dominance).
• Following the 1989 general election, Indian polity entered a distinctive era characterized by:
• Coalition Governments at the Centre: No single party secured an absolute majority between 1989 and 2014, leading to stable alliances like the NDA and UPA.
• State Level Dynamism: Politics within states evolved into intense bi-polar or tri-polar party competition (e.g., Congress vs. BJP, regional party vs. national party, or multiparty state alliances).
• Thus, "Coalition Govt. in Centre and bi-or-tri-partite competition in the States" is the most comprehensive description.
• Key Takeaway: Post-1990 Indian party system was characterized by national coalition governments and bi- or tri-party competition in states.