खालीलपैकी कोणत्या बाबींचा सहकाराची आधुनिक तत्वे म्हणून विचार केला जातो ?

The correct answer is Option A ((a) and (c)).

Key Points:
• Correct Option Evaluation: The correct answer is option (1) (a) and (c).
• Principles of Co-operation: Cooperative societies operate on globally recognized democratic principles updated by the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA).
• (a) Voluntary and Open Membership: Cooperatives are voluntary organizations open to all persons able to use their services and willing to accept the responsibilities of membership.
• (c) Democratic Management: Cooperatives are democratic organizations controlled by their members who actively participate in setting policies and making decisions.
• Analysis of Other Options:
• (b) Maximum profit: Incorrect because cooperatives are member-service institutions, not profit-maximizing capitalist enterprises. Their primary aim is mutual benefit, service, and welfare rather than commercial profit extraction.
• (d) International co-operation: While international cooperation is recognized as an ICA principle, in the context of this specific multi-statement combination question from MPSC, options (a) and (c) form the core foundational principles of cooperative management.
• Exam Insight: The Rochdale Pioneers established the earliest cooperative principles in 1844, which were subsequently revised and modernized by ICA in 1966 and 1995.
• Key Takeaway: Voluntary open membership and democratic management are core modern principles of co-operation.