परकीय भांडवलाचे प्रकारात कोणत्या गोष्टीचा समावेश होतो ?

The correct answer is Option A (All of the above).

Key Points:
• Correct Option Evaluation: The correct answer is option (1) All of the above.
• Foreign Capital Components: Foreign capital inflow into a developing economy like India comprises multiple financial channels crucial for economic growth and balance of payments support. These include:
• (a) Direct Foreign Investment (FDI): Long-term equity investment in enterprises.
• (b) Foreign Collaboration Investment: Joint ventures and technical collaborations between domestic and foreign firms.
• (c) Inter-Government Loans: Bilateral assistance and sovereign loans between nations.
• (d) Loans from International Institutions: Financial aid and developmental credit from bodies like the World Bank, IMF, and ADB.
• (e) External Commercial Borrowings (ECB): Commercial loans taken by eligible resident entities from recognized non-resident lenders.
• Exam Insight: Post-1991 economic reforms under the New Economic Policy (NEP) liberalized foreign capital flows significantly to bridge savings and foreign exchange gaps, transforming India into a preferred global investment destination.
• Key Takeaway: Foreign capital includes FDI, joint ventures, inter-government loans, institutional loans, and ECBs.