आर्थिक विकास आणि पर्यावरण यामधील संबंध दर्शवणाऱ्या प्रमेयाचे नाव काय ?

The correct answer is Option D (The Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis).

Key Points:
• The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis:
• Popularized by Gene Grossman and Alan Krueger (1991) and the World Bank's WDR 1992, modifying Simon Kuznets' original income inequality curve.
• Inverted U-Shaped Relationship:
• Posits an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth (per capita income) and environmental degradation.
• Initial Stages: Industrialization causes environmental degradation and pollution to intensify.
• Turning Point: Beyond a threshold income level, technological innovation, structural shift toward services, and higher societal environmental concern cause pollution to decrease and environmental quality to improve.
• Other curves: Phillips Curve relates inflation and unemployment. Hence, Option (4) is correct.
• Key Takeaway: The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) posits an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic development and pollution.