निव्वळ खर्च लाभ सिद्धांतात वस्तुचे मूल्य आधारे ठरते.
(a) श्रम
(b) भांडवल
(c) भूमी संसाधने
(d) तंत्रज्ञान
पर्यायी उत्तरे :

The correct answer is Option A ((a) only).

Key Points:
• Adam Smith's Absolute Cost Advantage Theory (1776):
• Formulated in *The Wealth of Nations*, Adam Smith posited that a country should specialize in and export commodities that it can produce at an absolute lower cost than another nation.
• The Labour Theory of Value:
• The classical trade theories (both Adam Smith's Absolute Advantage and David Ricardo's Comparative Advantage) were strictly built on the Labour Theory of Value.
• It explicitly assumes that Labour (a) is the sole factor of production, homogeneous in nature, and that the cost or value of any good is determined solely by the number of labour hours embedded in its production.
• Capital, land, and dynamic technology were assumed away in the basic two-country, two-commodity model.
• Hence, value is measured exclusively through (a) only (Option 1).
• Key Takeaway: Adam Smith's Absolute Cost Advantage theory relies strictly on the Labour Theory of Value (Labour as sole determinant).