1991 मध्ये खालीलपैकी कोणत्या तीव्र आर्थिक समस्यांना भारताला सामोरे जावे लागले ?
(a) रुपया पूर्ण परिवर्तनशील करणे
(b) भारतीय बाँडच्या विक्रीचे पुनरुत्थान
(c) विदेशी कर्ज मिळविण्यासाठी सुवर्णाचे तारण ठेवणे
(d) कर्ज देणाऱ्या देशाला भौतिक स्वरुपात सुवर्णाचे हस्तांतरण
पर्यायी उत्तरे :

The correct answer is Option C ((c) and (d)).

Key Points:
• The 1991 Balance of Payments (BoP) Crisis:
• By mid-1991, India's foreign exchange reserves plummeted to barely cover two weeks of essential imports (~1.1 billion).
• Gold Pledging and Physical Airlifting (c & d):
• To prevent an imminent sovereign default, the Chandrashekhar government and the RBI had to pledge gold reserves to secure emergency external loans.
• In May and July 1991, SBI and RBI physically airlifted over 67 tonnes of gold to the Bank of England and the Union Bank of Switzerland.
• Other Statements:
• (a) Full convertibility on the current account was introduced in 1994, not during the acute distress of 1991.
• (b) Resurgent India Bonds (RIB) were floated much later in 1998 by SBI following post-Pokhran-II sanctions.
• Thus, only (c) and (d) occurred directly as crisis actions in 1991.
• Key Takeaway: During the peak of the 1991 BoP crisis, India pledged and physically airlifted gold to the Bank of England and UBS to secure credit.