खालील विधाने विचारात घ्या :
(a) 'नागरी सेवा' (Civil Service) हा शब्दप्रयोग सर्वप्रथम ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनीच्या नोकरवर्गासाठी वापरला गेला.
(b) आय सी एस (ICS) चे ब्रिटीशांची नागरी सेना असेही वर्णन केले गेले.
(c) अनुच्छेद 309 सर्वोच्च न्यायालय आणि उच्च न्यायालयांच्या नोकर वर्गास लागू होत नाही.
वरीलपैकी कोणती विधाने बरोबर आहेत ?

The correct answer is Option D (All above).

Key Points:
• Civil Service Evolution and Constitutional Scope:
• Origin of 'Civil Service' (Statement a): Coined by the British East India Company to distinguish its civilian commercial employees from its military and naval forces.
• Characterization of the ICS (Statement b): Historians and political analysts frequently described the elite Indian Civil Service (ICS) as a 'Civilian British Army' or 'Civilian Army of Occupation' because it was the primary administrative instrument enforcing British imperial rule.
• Exclusion of Judicial Staff from Article 309 (Statement c): Article 309 governs recruitment and conditions of service of public servants of the Union and States. It does not apply to officers and staff of the Supreme Court or High Courts, who are governed independently by the Chief Justice of India (Article 146) and Chief Justices of High Courts (Article 229).
• All three statements are correct.
• Key Takeaway: The term 'Civil Service' originated with the East India Company; Article 309 excludes Supreme Court/High Court staff, who are governed by Articles 146/229.