खालीलपैकी कोणते सर्वोच्च न्यायालयाच्या 'प्रारंभिक अधिकार' क्षेत्रात समाविष्ट आहेत ?
(a) भारत सरकार आणि एक किंवा अधिक राज्ये यांच्यातील विवाद.
(b) दोन किंवा अधिक राज्यांमधील विवाद.
(c) संसदेच्या कोणत्याही सभागृहाच्या निवडणूकीसंबंधातील विवाद.
(d) आंतर-राज्य पाणी विवाद.

The correct answer is Option A ((a), (b)).

Key Points:
• Original Jurisdiction under Article 131:
• Under Article 131, the Supreme Court has exclusive original jurisdiction in federal disputes involving a question of legal right:
• 1. Between the Government of India and one or more States.
• 2. Between the Government of India and any State(s) on one side and one or more other States on the other.
• 3. Between two or more States.
• Exclusions from Original Jurisdiction:
• Election Disputes of Parliament: Under the Representation of the People Act, 1951, election petitions lie before the High Court first, with appeal to the Supreme Court (not original jurisdiction).
• Inter-State Water Disputes: Article 262(2) empowers Parliament by law to exclude the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and other courts from inter-State river water disputes (handled under the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956).
• Key Takeaway: Article 131 covers Centre-State and Inter-State disputes; water disputes (Art 262) and MP/MLA elections are excluded.