भारतात उर्जा समस्या कशामुळे निर्माण झाली आहे ?
अ. तेलाचा मागणी पुरवठा असमतोल
ब. वीजशक्तीची कमतरता
क. कोळशाची कमतरता
ड. पाणी टंचाई
वरीलपैकी कोणती कारणे बरोबर आहेत ?

The correct answer is Option C (a, b and c).

Key Points:
• India's energy crisis stems from deep-rooted supply constraints confronting the major primary commercial energy sources:
• Statement (a) is correct: High import dependence (>80%) on crude oil and widening domestic demand-supply mismatch expose the country to international supply shocks and price volatility.
• Statement (b) is correct: Peak and base-load electricity deficits, high transmission and distribution (AT&C) losses, and inadequate plant load factor (PLF) created widespread power shortages.
• Statement (c) is correct: Around 55-60% of India's electricity is coal-based. Domestic thermal power plants routinely face severe coal shortages due to environmental clearances, production logjams at Coal India, and railway rake availability.
• While water shortages can intermittently constrain hydroelectric generation, national macroeconomic studies identify oil, electricity, and coal as the primary triad causing India's systemic commercial energy crisis.
• Therefore, factors a, b, and c are correct (Option 3).
• Key Takeaway: India's commercial energy crisis is driven primarily by crude oil import dependency, coal logistics shortages, and electricity power deficits.