ब्रिटीशांच्या काळात ‘रयतवारी प्रणाली’ कोणत्या प्रांतात सुरू झाली?

The correct answer is Madras,Mumbai.

Key Points

• Ryotwari system:
• Developed by Thomas Munro.
• It was prevalent in most of southern India, being the standard system of the Madras Presidency.
• The principle was the direct collection of the land revenue from each individual cultivator by government agents. Hence, elimination of middlemen.
• For this purpose, all holdings were measured and assessed according to crop potential and actual cultivation.
• The rates were high and unlike the Permanent System, they were open to being increased.

Additional Information

• Land revenue was one of the major sources of income for Britishers in India. There were broadly three types of land revenue policies in existence during the British rule in India.
• Before independence, there were three major types of land tenure systems prevailing in the country:
• The Zamindari System
• The Mahalwari System
• The Ryotwari System
• The basic difference in these systems was regarding the mode of payment of land revenue.
• The Zamindari System
• The zamindari system was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement that fixed the land rights of the members in perpetuity without any provision for fixed rent or occupancy right for actual cultivators.
• Under the Zamindari system, the land revenue was collected from the farmers by the intermediaries known as Zamindars.
• The share of the government in the total land revenue collected by the zamindars was kept at 10/11th, and the remainder going to zamindars.
• The system was most prevalent in West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, UP, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
• Mahalwari system:
• In the North-Western Provinces of the Bengal Presidency (most of this area is now in Uttar Pradesh), an Englishman called Holt Mackenzie devised the new system which came into effect in 1822.
• The estimated revenue of each plot within a village was added up to calculate the revenue that each village (mahal) had to pay.
• Under this system, the revenue paid was to be revised periodically, not permanently fixed.
• The charge of collecting the revenue and paying it to the Company was given to the village headman, rather than the zamindar.