जागतिकीकरणामुळे खालीलपैकी कोणते/ती घटक भारतीय उद्योगासाठी आव्हानात्मक ठरत आहे/आहेत ? (a) उत्पादीत वस्तूंच्या बाजारपेठेत वाढती स्पर्धा. (b) तंत्रज्ञानविषयक क्षमता सुधारण्यासाठी दबाव.

The correct answer is Option C (Both).

Key Points:
• Correct Option Evaluation: The correct answer is option (3) Both.
• Challenges of Globalization for Indian Industry:
• Statement (a): Integration with world markets exposed domestic manufacturers to intense competition from cheap imports and multinational giants in product markets. (True challenge)
• Statement (b): To survive and compete globally, domestic firms faced immense pressure to modernize and upgrade their technological capacity and R&D. (True challenge)
• Analysis: Both statements highlight major operational challenges encountered by Indian industries in the post-1991 era of trade opening and globalization.
• Exam Insight: While globalization posed immense survival challenges for inefficient protected domestic units, it ultimately forced Indian industry to become globally competitive, export-oriented, and consumer-centric.
• Key Takeaway: Both greater product market competition and pressure to upgrade technology are challenges created by globalization.