थेट विदेशी गुंतवणुकीद्वारे भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्थेत प्रवेश करण्यासाठी बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपन्यांकडून खालीलपैकी कोणते धोरण स्विकारण्यात आले नाही ?

The correct answer is Option B (Setting up new units through 100% investment.).

Key Points:
• The correct option is (2).
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Entry Patterns:
• In the initial post-1991 era, foreign multinational companies (MNCs) faced statutory sectoral caps, local regulatory complexities, and distribution hurdles. Hence, setting up Greenfield projects via 100% wholly-owned investment from day one was generally restricted or not the primary mode of entry.
• Common strategic pathways adopted by MNCs included:
• Entering joint ventures (JVs) with local Indian partners to navigate distribution and regulations (e.g., Tata-SIA, Hero Honda).
• Buying out established indigenous domestic brands to capture immediate market share (e.g., Coca-Cola acquiring Thums Up, Limca, and Gold Spot).
• Subsequently establishing parallel 100% subsidiaries once the market was mastered, eventually buying out the local partner.
• Therefore, straight 100% initial Greenfield investment is designated by MPSC as the non-adopted entry strategy in this comparative historical context.
• Key Takeaway: MNCs entered India primarily through joint ventures and acquisitions, rather than initial 100% Greenfield setups.