खालीलपैकी कुठले भूरूपशास्त्रीय घटक पूरांकरिता कारणीभूत ठरतात ?
(a) अतिवृष्टी
(b) ढगफूटी
(c) उष्णकटिबंधीय वादळ
(d) जंगलतोड/निरवणीकरण
(e) मोठे पाणलोट क्षेत्र
(f) पाण्याचा अपूरा निचरा
पर्यायी उत्तरे :

The correct answer is Option D ((e) and (f) only).

Key Points:
• Classification of Flood Factors (Geomorphic vs. Climatic):
• Climatic/Meteorological Factors (a, b, c): Heavy downpour, cloudbursts, and tropical cyclones are atmospheric/weather inputs that trigger flash discharge.
• Anthropogenic Factors (d): Deforestation is an environmental/human-induced land-use change.
• Pure Geomorphic / Morphometric Factors (e & f):
• Large Catchment Area (e): The size, shape, and topography of the drainage basin govern runoff concentration.
• Inadequate Drainage / Low Valley Gradient (f): Valley morphology, low slope, and channel capacity determine river overflow and inundation.
• Hence, strictly geomorphic factors are (e) and (f) only.
• Geomorphological drainage basin characteristics control hydrologic response.
• Key Takeaway: Geomorphic factors for floods are physical basin attributes: large catchment area and inadequate drainage (rainfall/cyclones are climatic).