खालीलपैकी कोणते दोष सावकारी व्यवस्थेचे आहेत ?
(a) उच्च व्याज दर
(b) बेकायदेशीर कपात
(c) रजिस्टर मध्ये योग्य नोंदी
(d) अनुत्पादक हेतूंसाठी कर्जे देणे
पर्यायी उत्तरे :

The correct answer is Option B (Only (a), (b) and (d)).

Key Points:
• Evils of Non-Institutional Moneylending: Unregulated indigenous moneylenders historically drove Indian peasants into deep rural indebtedness:
• Exorbitant Interest Rates: Charging usurious interest rates ranging from 24% to over 60% per annum (Statement a).
• Illegal Deductions & Fraud: Deducting advance commissions, making unauthorized charges, and falsifying loan bonds (Statement b).
• Loans for Unproductive Purposes: Freely extending credit for marriages, rituals, and litigation rather than capital asset formation, trapping peasants in perpetual debt cycles (Statement d).
• Falsified Accounts: Moneylenders were infamous for manipulating accounts, failing to give receipts, and maintaining fraudulent ledgers. Hence, maintaining "proper records" (Statement c) is a merit, not a defect.
• Official Key: Option (2) accepted.
• Key Takeaway: Defects of private moneylenders include exorbitant interest rates, illegal deductions, and financing unproductive expenditures.