खालीलपैकी कोणत्या प्रकारच्या अंदाजपत्रकात विद्यमान कार्यक्रम आणि उपक्रम यांना आपोआप/स्वयंचलित निधी उपलब्ध होत नाही ?

The correct answer is Option C (Zero-based budget).

Key Points:
• Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB) was developed by Peter Phyrr in 1969 at Texas Instruments and popularized by US President Jimmy Carter:
• In traditional incremental budgeting, previous year allocations serve as a baseline, and ongoing programs receive automatic funding plus an incremental margin.
• In contrast, under Zero-Based Budgeting, the baseline is set strictly at zero. Existing programs, schemes, and activities are NOT automatically funded. Every department must justify its entire budget allocation and cost-benefit utility from scratch as if the program were entirely new.
• In India, ZBB was initiated by the Ministry of Science and Technology in 1983 and adopted across departments during the Seventh Five-Year Plan.
• Key Takeaway: In Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB), existing programmes are not automatically funded; every activity must be justified from scratch starting from zero.