ही भारतातील सार्वजनिक खर्चामध्ये वाढ होण्याची कारणे आहेत.
(a) लोकसंख्या वाढ
(b) नागरीकरण
(c) प्रशासकीय यंत्रणाचा विस्तार
(d) विकासाचे प्रकल्प
पर्यायी उत्तरे :

The correct answer is Option D ((a), (b), (c) and (d)).

Key Points:
• Causes of Growing Public Expenditure in India: Public expenditure has experienced structural growth due to multiple socio-economic drivers:
• Population Growth: Demands massive state spending on public education, health, and basic food security (Statement a).
• Rapid Urbanisation: Requires heavy municipal and civic investment in housing, public transport, sewage, and drinking water supply (Statement b).
• Expansion of Administrative Machinery: Growing democracy, expanding regulatory bodies, internal security, defense, and pay commissions increase non-developmental revenue expenditure (Statement c).
• Development Projects: Financing national highways, dams, renewable power grids, railways, and industrial corridors demands massive capital outlays (Statement d).
• Wagner's Law: German economist Adolph Wagner postulated that modern industrial and welfare states inevitably observe expanding public expenditures relative to GDP.
• Key Takeaway: Population growth, urbanisation, administrative expansion, and capital development projects all contribute to rising public expenditure in India.