खालीलपैकी कोणती विधाने योग्य आहेत ?
a. ब्लाशार यांनी सर्वप्रथम ग्रामीण नागरी पट्ट्याचा अभ्यास केला.
b. भारतामध्ये 1950 पूर्वी ग्रामीण नागरी पट्टा अस्तीत्वात नव्हता.
с. ग्रामीण-नागरी पट्टयात शहरातील शक्तींचा वापर करतात.
d. ग्रामीण-नागरी पट्टयात हवाई अड्डे, शैक्षणिक संस्था आणि जल शुद्धीकरण केंद्रे असतात.

The correct answer is Option D (Only b and d).

Key Points:
• Rural-Urban Fringe Analysis:
• The Rural-Urban Fringe is the dynamic transition zone lying between the continuously built-up urban area and the purely rural agricultural hinterland.
• Statement a (Incorrect): The term and concept was first introduced by T.L. Smith (1937), not Blashar.
• Statement b (Correct): Rapid sprawling fringe phenomena became distinct and recognizable in post-independent India after the 1950s with industrial planned urbanization.
• Statement c (Incorrect): The fringe experiences mixed rural-urban economic drivers rather than dominant direct central urban municipal control.
• Statement d (Correct): Due to massive land requirements, extensive facilities like international airports, university campuses, sewage/water treatment plants, and warehouse logistics parks are located within the rural-urban fringe.
• As per the official MPSC key, Option 4 (Only b and d) is correct.
• Key Takeaway: Rural-urban fringe developed visibly post-1950 in India and houses space-intensive infrastructure like airports and water filtration plants.