कृषि क्षेत्रात खालीलपैकी कोणते घटक आरोग्य आणि वातावरणावर प्रतिकुल परिणाम करतात ?

The correct answer is Option B (Herbicides and pesticides).

Key Points:
• Agrochemical Toxicity & Environmental Degradation:
• Herbicides and Pesticides (तणनाशके आणि कीटकनाशके): Synthetic chemical formulations designed to eliminate unwanted weeds, insects, and fungal pathogens in agricultural fields.
• Adverse Environmental Impacts: Excessive and indiscriminate usage leads to persistent organic pollution (POP), severe soil and groundwater contamination, biomagnification through food chains, destruction of beneficial soil microbiota, and elimination of natural pollinating insects (like honeybees).
• Human Health Hazards: Chronic exposure triggers acute respiratory disorders, neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, kidney impairment, and carcinogenic risks in farmworkers and consumers.
• In contrast, vermicompost, farmyard manure (FYM), and blue-green algae are eco-friendly organic inputs.
• Key Takeaway: Synthetic herbicides and pesticides cause severe toxic effects on human health, groundwater, and soil ecology.