73 वी घटनादुरुस्ती अधिनियम 1992, ज्याचा उद्देश पंचायत राज्यास उत्तेजन देणे आहे, त्याने खालीलपैकी कोणत्या बाबी दिल्या आहेत ?
(a) जिल्हा नियोजन समित्यांचे गठण.
(b) राज्यघटनेच्या अनुच्छेद-40 ला व्यावहारिक आकार दिला.
(c) प्रतिनिधीक लोकशाहीचे रूपान्तर सहभागी लोकशाहीमध्ये केले.
(d) सर्व स्तरांवरील अध्यक्षांची प्रत्यक्ष निवड.
वरीलपैकी बरोबर कोणते ?
(1) (a), (b), (c)
(2) (b) and (c)
(3) (c) and (d)
(4) (a), (b) and (d)

The correct answer is Option B ((b) and (c)).

Key Points:
• Impact and Scope of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992:
• Statement (a) is incorrect: Constitution of District Planning Committees (DPCs) is mandated under Article 243ZD, which was introduced by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 (for urban/district planning), not the 73rd Amendment.
• Statement (b) is correct: It gave a practical, constitutional shape to Article 40 (Directive Principles of State Policy regarding organization of village panchayats).
• Statement (c) is correct: By institutionalizing the Gram Sabha, it transformed representative democracy into grass-roots participatory democracy.
• Statement (d) is incorrect: The 73rd Amendment does not mandate direct election of chairpersons at all levels; the election method for chairpersons at intermediate and district levels is left to the discretion of state legislatures.
• Therefore, statements (b) and (c) are correct (Option 2).
• Key Takeaway: The 73rd Amendment operationalized Article 40 and established participatory democracy via Gram Sabhas; DPCs were introduced by the 74th Amendment.