सिंचन पाण्यामधील ______ यांच्या रासायनिक घटकामुळे आणि त्यांच्या एकूण प्रमाणामुळे जमिनीच्या गुणधर्मामध्ये बदल होतात.

The correct answer is Option B (Salts).

Key Points:
• Irrigation Water Quality and Soil Properties:
• Dissolved Salts (विद्राव्य क्षार): Irrigation water always contains dissolved mineral salts consisting of cations (Na^+, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K^+) and anions (Cl^-, SO₄²⁻, HCO₃^-, CO₃²⁻).
• Impact on Soil Chemical and Physical Properties:
• 1. Salinization: Continuous irrigation with high total dissolved salts (measured by Electrical Conductivity, EC_(iw) > 2 dS/m) accumulates soluble salts in the root zone, creating Saline Soils (Solonchak) with high osmotic potential restricting water uptake.
• 2. Sodification / Alkalization: High Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) displace calcium on clay complexes with sodium, destroying soil structure, causing clay dispersion, poor permeability, and forming Sodic Soils.
• Hence, soluble Salts in irrigation water alter soil properties (Option 2).
• Key Takeaway: Dissolved salts and their concentrations in irrigation water determine soil salinization and sodification hazards.