Active and Passive Voice: Step-by-Step Conversion Rules, Imperatives, Modals & Tricky Exceptions
Active and Passive Voice: Step-by-Step Conversion Rules, Imperatives, Modals & Tricky Exceptions या घटकामध्ये General Voice Conversion Formula, Imperative Sentences (आज्ञार्थी वाक्य), With Object: या मुद्द्यांचा सविस्तर समावेश आहे.
🎯 Active & Passive Voice: Tense Transformations, Imperative Structures, Modals & Preposition Rules
कर्तरी प्रयोग (Active Voice) आणि कर्मणी प्रयोग (Passive Voice) हा इंग्रजी व्याकरणातील अत्यंत हमखास गुण देणारा विभाग आहे. सर्व काळांमधील व्हॉईस रूपांतर तक्ता, आज्ञार्थी वाक्ये (Let + be + V3), प्रश्नार्थक वाक्ये (Who ➔ By whom), द्विकर्मक वाक्ये (Direct & Indirect Objects), मोडल क्रियापदे आणि 'By' ऐवजी इतर Prepositions घेणारी क्रियापदे (Known to, Surprised at).
अभ्यासक्रम अनुक्रमणिका (Content Index)
१ व्हॉईस रूपांतराचे ५ मूलभूत सुवर्ण नियम (5 Golden Rules of Voice)
रूपांतर पायऱ्या (Transformation Steps):
- पायरी १: Active वाक्यातील कर्म (Object) हे Passive वाक्याचा कर्ता (Subject) बनते.
- पायरी २: नवीन कर्त्याच्या वचनानुसार व मूळ काळाला साजेसे योग्य सहाय्यकारी क्रियापद (Be चे रूप: is/are/was/were/been/being) वापरावे.
- पायरी ३: मुख्य क्रियापदाचे नेहमी तिसरे रूप (Past Participle - V3) वापरावे. (कोणत्याही Passive रचनेत V3 अनिवार्य असतो).
- पायरी ४: योग्य Preposition (सामान्यतः 'by', किंवा to/at/with) जोडावे.
- पायरी ५: Active वाक्यातील कर्ता हा द्वितीया विभक्तीत (Objective case) कर्माच्या स्थानी जातो (I ➔ me, He ➔ him, She ➔ her, They ➔ them).
ज्यांचा Passive Voice होत नाही (Non-Passive Forms):
- • अकर्मक क्रियापदे (Intransitive Verbs): ज्या वाक्यात कर्म नसते, त्याचा Passive होत नाही (उदा. He sleeps, Birds fly).
- • खालील ४ काळांचा Passive Voice प्रचलित इंग्रजीत होत नाही:
१. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
२. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
३. Future Continuous Tense (will be + V-ing)
४. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
२ सर्व काळांमधील व्हॉईस बदल तक्ता (Active to Passive Tense Table)
| काळ (Tense) | Active Voice रचना | Passive Voice रचना | नमुना Passive वाक्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | V1 / V1(s/es) | is / am / are + V3 | A letter is written by him. |
| Present Continuous | is/am/are + V-ing | is/am/are + being + V3 | A letter is being written by him. |
| Present Perfect | have / has + V3 | have/has + been + V3 | A letter has been written by him. |
| Simple Past | V2 | was / were + V3 | A letter was written by him. |
| Past Continuous | was/were + V-ing | was/were + being + V3 | A letter was being written by him. |
| Past Perfect | had + V3 | had + been + V3 | A letter had been written by him. |
| Simple Future | will / shall + V1 | will/shall + be + V3 | A letter will be written by him. |
| Future Perfect | will have + V3 | will have been + V3 | A letter will have been written. |
| Modal Auxiliaries | Modal + V1 | Modal + be + V3 | It can be done by you. |
३ आज्ञार्थी (Imperative) व प्रश्नार्थक (Interrogative) वाक्यांचे Passive Voice
१. आज्ञार्थी वाक्ये (Imperative Sentences):
- • आज्ञा / हुकूम (Order / Command):
Let + Object + be + V3
उदा. "Close the door." ➔ "Let the door be closed." - • सल्ला / नैतिक कर्तव्य (Advice / Moral):
Object + should be + V3
उदा. "Help the poor." ➔ "The poor should be helped." - • विनंती (Request):
You are requested to + V1
उदा. "Please sit down." ➔ "You are requested to sit down."
२. प्रश्नार्थक वाक्ये (Who & Whom Rules):
- • 'Who' ने सुरू होणारे प्रश्न: 'Who' चे 'By whom' होते.
Active: "Who wrote the Mahabharata?"
Passive: "By whom was the Mahabharata written?" - • 'Whom' ने सुरू होणारे प्रश्न: 'Whom' चे 'Who' होते.
Active: "Whom did you invite?"
Passive: "Who was invited by you?"
४ 'By' ऐवजी इतर शब्दयोगी अव्यये (Prepositions) घेणारी क्रियापदे
MPSC परीक्षेत हमखास फसवणारा घटक:
खालील क्रियापदांनंतर ठराविक Prepositions वापरली जातात. परंतु विशिष्ट active agent दर्शवण्यासाठी 'by' वापरणे व्याकरणदृष्ट्या योग्य ठरते (उदा. 'She was surprised by the news', 'The field was covered by snow', 'They were married by a priest'):
• Married to
• Shocked at / Astonished at
• Satisfied with / Covered with
• Active: "I know him." ➔ Passive: "He is known to me." (Known by me नाही!)
• Active: "Her performance pleased us." ➔ Passive: "We were pleased with her performance."
४.१ Quasi-Passive & Infinitive Passive Transformations (विशिष्ट व्हॉईस रूपांतर)
Quasi-Passive Verbs / Linking Verb Paraphrases (विशेष रूपांतर):
टीप: Taste, feel, smell ही linking verbs / sensory verbs असून त्यांचे हे रूपांतर स्पर्धा परीक्षांमधील एक विशेष रूपांतर (exam paraphrase) मानले जाते.
काही Active वाक्ये अर्थाने Passive भासतात, त्यांचे रूपांतर खालीलप्रमाणे होते:
- Active: "Quinine tastes bitter."
➔ Passive: "Quinine is bitter when it is tasted." - Active: "This cloth feels smooth."
➔ Passive: "This cloth is smooth when it is felt." - Active: "The rose smells sweet."
➔ Passive: "The rose is sweet when it is smelt."
Infinitive & Prepositional Verbs चा Passive:
• There is / It is रचना:
Active: "There is no time to lose."
➔ Passive: "There is no time to be lost."
• Preposition न वगळण्याचा नियम: क्रियापदाला लागून असलेले Preposition कर्मणी प्रयोगातही कायम राहते:
Active: "The students laughed at the beggar."
➔ Passive: "The beggar was laughed at by the students." (येथे 'at' वगळल्यास वाक्य अवैध ठरते).
५ सविस्तर सोडवलेली मार्गदर्शक उदाहरणे (Solved Examples)
Change into Passive Voice: "Everyone knows Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam."
पायरी १: कर्म (Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam) सुरुवातीला येईल.
पायरी २: काळ Simple Present असल्याने 'is' हे सहाय्यकारी क्रियापद येईल.
पायरी ३: मुख्य क्रियापद 'knows' चे V3 रूप 'known' होईल.
पायरी ४: 'Known' नंतर 'by' न येता 'to' येतो.
उत्तर: "Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam is known to everyone."
★ पोलीस भरती व सरळसेवा (TCS-IBPS) स्पेशल वन-लाइनर तथ्ये व वारंवार विचारलेले प्रश्न
| क्र. | Active वाक्य | अचूक Passive Voice |
|---|---|---|
| १ | Open the window. | Let the window be opened. |
| २ | Do not insult the poor. | Let the poor not be insulted. |
| ३ | Who broke this glass? | By whom was this glass broken? |
| ४ | Someone has stolen my watch. | My watch has been stolen (by someone वगळतात). |
| ५ | I know her. | She is known to me (by me नाही). |
| ६ | His behaviour surprised me. | I was surprised at his behaviour. |
| ७ | They are building a bridge. | A bridge is being built by them. |
| ८ | He had completed the project. | The project had been completed by him. |
| ९ | You can solve this puzzle. | This puzzle can be solved by you. |
| १० | We should obey our elders. | Our elders should be obeyed. |
| ११ | The police arrested the thief. | The thief was arrested (by the police हे स्वयंस्पष्ट असल्याने वगळले जाते). |
| १२ | He gave me a pen. (२ कर्मे असल्यास) | I was given a pen by him (सजीवाला प्राधान्य). |
| १३ | The fire destroyed the house. | The house was destroyed by the fire. |
| १४ | Did you finish the work? | Was the work finished by you? |
| १५ | Passive Voice मध्ये मुख्य क्रियापदाचे कोणते रूप येते? | नेहमी तिसरे रूप (V3 - Past Participle). |
| १६ | Future Continuous Tense चा Passive Voice होतो का? | व्यावहारिक इंग्रजीत अतिशय असामान्य (uncommon) व क्लिष्ट असल्याने सहसा टाळले जाते (avoided in usage). |
? MPSC व स्पर्धा परीक्षा मागील वर्षांचे प्रश्न (PYQs) सविस्तर विश्लेषणासह
Q. 1. Select the correct passive form of:
"Who wrote this famous novel?"
Detailed Analytical Explanation:
• In an interrogative sentence beginning with 'Who', the passive form begins with 'By whom'.
• Since it is a question, the auxiliary verb (was) must come before the subject (this famous novel).
• Structure: By whom + was + subject + V3?
Correct Option: (2) By whom was this famous novel written?
Q. 2. "Switch off the lights." Choose the passive form:
Detailed Analytical Explanation:
• The given sentence is an imperative sentence showing command/order.
• Standard passive structure for order: Let + Object + be + V3.
• "Let the lights be switched off."
Correct Option: (1).
Q. 3. "His words shocked everyone." The correct passive voice is:
Detailed Analytical Explanation:
• The verb 'shocked' in passive takes the preposition 'at' when referring to words, actions, or conduct (e.g. shocked at, surprised at, astonished at).
• Past tense ➔ was shocked at.
Correct Option: (2) Everyone was shocked at his words.
Active and Passive Voice Practice Test 06
या घटकाचा अभ्यास पूर्ण झाला असल्यास लगेच चाचणी सोडून सराव करा.